Nearly all condominium and homeowners associations use Robert's Rules of Order ("RRO"). RRO describes multiple methods of taking votes. Depending on the type of motion which the assembly is voting on, some methods of voting are better than others. For example, any vote which may be subject to challenge should be done by written or electronic ballot. This method provides a paper trail of the votes and can be re-counted and audited. For motions which are obviously going to be uncontested, it may make sense to take a voice vote by calling for "Ayes" and "Nays."
Here is an overview of the different methods of voting found in RRO:
1. Voice Vote
For a voice vote, the chair (after debate is over) instructs the assembly to say "Aye" or "Nay". The chair, using their discretion, then announces the outcome.
2. Roll Call Vote
This may take much longer, but it provides a record of who voted "yes" or "no". The chair reads through the names on the roll of the assembly, including those present by proxy, and records a yes or no vote for each member.
3. Standing Vote / Raise of Hand Vote
Similar to a voice vote, the chair asks all those in favor of the motion to stand or raise their hands. Then again for those voting no. This is useful if the vote is close and a voice vote is too difficult to determine the outcome. Remember though, if some members are holding multiple proxies (i.e. the owner is casting one vote for themselves and 4 votes on behalf of proxy givers) it may be complicated to get an accurate count.
4. Written Ballot
For any issue which may be contested, a written ballot is always the best course of action. A written ballot provides physical evidence of who voted which way and the total number of votes for and against the motion. Written ballots should be kept with association records for at least one year from the date of the meeting.
5. Electronic Ballot
By statute or bylaw provisions, many associations may use electronic ballots. Many communities have seen a dramatic increase in voter turnout when using electronic or online ballots. Electronic ballots work similar to written ballots in lieu of a meeting. Here's an example of an online ballot: https://calaw.attorney/online-voting/
6. Unanimous Consent
For a series of procedural or uncontested motions, the chair may announce each item or motion and then ask the assembly to approve the motions by unanimous consent. The chair does this simply by asking the assembly if there is anyone opposed to the motions. If there are no objections, all motions pass without debate or discussion.